The Evolution of Tv Essay Example

The Evolution of Tv Essay Example The Evolution of Tv Essay The Evolution of Tv Essay The Evolution of Television Introduction Television is one of the most valuable contributions of the scientists in the last century. The worlds first real television picture was produced by a Scottish inventor called John Logie Baird in 19251. It was nearly a hundred years to the first television appears, television has evolved a lot in appearances and functions. Darwin’s theory suggests that the variation among living organisms and the evolution of a species is caused by the theory of natural selection. As a non-living organism, the development of television is similar to the evolution of living species which obeying the Darwin’s theory of Evolution. This theory suggests that there are five characteristics in every biological life including reproductive potential, constancy of numbers, struggle for existence, individual difference and inheritance of traits. This essay is going to discuss the development of television in the past one hundred years and how it demonstrates the evolution theory of Darwin. The Evolution process of Television A historian Arnold Abramson said that â€Å"No one person invented television; most of the inventors were ahead of their time and technology; some were idle dreamers, others were practical men who could turn their ideas into machinery. † Many scientists and engineers contributed to the evolution of television theoretically or practically. The process will present in timeline below. Pre 1900In 1884, Paul Nipkow invented a rotating- disc technology using in the transmission of images over wires2. Before 1900, the focus of television development is mainly on the theory; most of them cannot turn into machine due to the restriction of technology. 1900 The term â€Å"television’’ invented by Constantin Perskyi and the first television showed at 1900 Paris Exhibition2. 1906 The first working mechanical television system is invented by Boris Rosing by combining the Paul Nipkows rotating disks and the cathode ray tube invented by Lee de Forest4. 1907 Campbell Swinton and Boris Rosing develop electronic scanning method simultaneously in the same year on their own. This method can transmit and reproduce images y cathode ray tube. 1925 John Logie Baird used a mechanical system based on Paul Nipkows rotating disks to transmit moving silhouette images 4 called â€Å"Stooky Bill’’5 (image on the right). 1926 John Logie Baird applied patent for his â€Å"Phonovision† which is using the phonograph disc to record and reproduce the TV images on 78rpm. In t he same year, he demonstrated his â€Å"Noctovision† which is using infrared rays and UV rays in light place to see the images in the dark2. 1926 Kenjiro Takayanagi successfully reproduced and displayed the image send from distance place wirelessly2. 927 John Logie Baird applied patent for his new system of recording television signal by using magnetic disc2. And Philo Farnsworth applied for a patent on his electronic television system called the Image Dissector which can transmit electronic moving picture4. 1927 In this year, there were many trials on long distance transmission on wireless or cable method by different scientists like Baird, ATT’s Bell Labs etc2. 1928 The first TV station is set up in New York called Station W2XBS to broadcast mechanical television. And Vladimir Zworykin received the patent for his all- electronic color television2. 1932 A 120-line electronic TV system was demonstrated by RCA2. 1935 An England company EMI successfully developed a full set electronic TV system with resolution of 405-line and 25 frames per second2. 1936 The first public high- definition service with 405 lines started in London provided by BBC2. 1939 TV was displayed at the New York World’s Fair and San Francisco Golden Gate International Exposition4. 1940 Peter Goldmark announced the invention of color TV system with resolution of 343-lines4. Between the Second World War Only limited broadcasting continued in a few cities and for a few hours a week. And all commercial TV products were banned throughout the war years3. 1946 Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley successfully invented the transistor at Bell Labs2. 1946 The first TV broadcasting using coaxial cable is transmitted from New York to Washington D. C. 1948 Television was bought into rural areas in Pennsylvania by introducing the cable TV4. 1951 The FCC approved the CBS’s color transmission system as the US color television standard. ,4 1952 The cable television system began in US2. 1953 The color television system approved in 1951 was reversed by FCC and approved the RCA/NTSC color system to replace2. 1954 The first national color broadcast was launched in US2. 1955 Eugene Polley invented the first remote control to control the television with light2. 1956The world’s first all-color television station is established in Chicago called WNBQ 2. 1960 Broadcast of the first split screen in the Nixon-Kennedy debates4. 1961 The first telecommunications satellite was launched by NASA to transmit the radio signals2. 968 US space capsule Apollo 7 sent the first live network transmission of television images. 1972 The first transmission of space television signal is received by the color TV2 1973 There is regular television broadcasting service in 96 countries2. Phylogeny of television Although television is a non-living organism, its evolution process can be also represented as a phylogeny. Variations among television The variations of different parts of television also obey the Darwin’s theorem of survival of the fittest. The appearance, resolutions, display methods and broadcasting ways has evolved a lot in the last century. Size and resolution As the electronic components become smaller and smaller, the thickness of television becomes thinner. The thickness of latest model of LCD TV is already developed to less than 10 mm which has a large difference to the large ‘‘black box’’ in the past. And the size of screen also changes from 2†x3† screen in 19273 to 47-inch LCD display nowadays. For resolution, the picture quality improved from using 50-line pictures and transmitted at 18 frames per second3 to 1080p or 1080i display which means there are 1080 lines will be scanned progressively or interlaced in an image. Display methods At the early stage of the television development, cathode ray tube is used to display images. Cathode ray tube creates images by collide an electron beam onto a fluorescent screen in a vacuum tube to emit light. As the audiences seek for the clearer and better quality of images, the cathode ray tube display in television is gradually substituted by plasma display or LCD. Nowadays, plasma display and LCD are widely used in the world. Plasma display make use of millions of tiny ‘‘bulbs’’ or ‘‘cells’’ holding some noble gases and minuscule amount of mercury with phosphor painted on the inner wall of the cell between two panels of glass. By applying voltage across the cell, different colors of visible light can be observed due to the type of phosphors used. And liquid crystal display (LCD) is an optical device similar to cathode ray tube which made up of pixels filled with liquid crystals (LCs) and arrayed in front of light source or reflector to produced color images. Cathode ray tube Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) Plasma display  ©2000 How Stuff Works  ©2009 How Stuff Works  ©2007 Jari Laamanen Broadcasting methods Analogue broadcasting is used in the past few decades, snowing and ghosting sometimes appear. Nowadays, digital broadcasting is used in many countries which use digital data to transmit television signal instead of continuous waveform used in analogue broadcasting. So the fidelity of signal transmitted or received will be greatly increased. Reproductive potential After the invention of television, it brings a great influence in the lifestyle of the people. Nowadays, television becomes one of the essential electric equipments in a house. As the technology changes with each passing day, better image quality, larger screen and thinner television will be developed in the future. For those who have passion for new technology products, they will change their television time by time. Also, the LCD and plasma televisions are gradually replaced the cathode ray tube televisions in the future. According to an American research company, the number of television sets produced in the world in 2010 predicts to be over two thousands millions7. So this reflects that there is a constant demand of new and better quality of television sets and hence the productive potential of television is high. Constancy of Numbers Nowadays, television becomes one of the major entertainments in our life. Take US as an example, over 99% of family has at least one television set in their home8. The number of television set is fluctuating in small extend throughout this decade as television become a common and important entertainment of the people. And the life-span of television of a television can be as long as 10years so that the change rate of television will not as frequent as other electric equipment like lamp, cooker etc. Thus, the rate of elimination and rate of production is quite near to each other and keep a constant number of televisions. Struggle for existence Every living organism struggles or existence with other species or even within their species obeying Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest. Although television is a non-living organism, it also has the same character with the biological species which is struggling for existence. In an affluent world nowadays, there are many different types of entertainments like computer, video games etc. Television needs to improve continuously in their appearances, function and the quality of TV programs in order to compete with all these entertainments so that it will not weed out by others. Television is not only struggling for existence with other entertainments, there is also competition within the species; people are always perusing better quality of images, larger screen and thinner television. So, according to the theory of neutral selection, those televisions with poorer function or lower quality in images such as cathode ray tube television are slowly eliminated. This fact is reflected by the descending trend in number of CRT television produced in this decade. This process is similar to the character of living organism that they are struggling for existence. Individual Differences There is variation within a species. Individuals are not exactly the same with each other, they will have some traits which can help them to have better chance to survive or reproduce offspring. Television also shows this point. In term of appearance, function and resolution, there are slightly difference among televisions. For example, some televisions can receive digital signal while some are receiving analogue signal to produce images. And the resolution of image also varies from television to television, some of them using 1080i or 1080p to scan the images; however some of them are still using 720p as the scanning method. There are still many different parts between televisions which have mentions in the former part of â€Å"variations among television†. Inheritance of Trials Although there are some individual differences among televisions, the aim of television is still the same- to produce image on to the TV screen so that the underlying principle of television is still the same. And this character is also as same as those living organism which have inheritable trials. Those trials which favor their chance of survive will preserve to their offspring. For television, no matter how the difference in their appearance, the underlying principle to produce image is still inheritable in TV. In CRT television, plasma television and LCD television, phosphor is used to coat the surface of screen or cells. Then when it is collided by electron beam or voltage is applied across the phosphor, it will produce the three primary colors which are red, green and blue. This principle of produce light to form images is the same in different types of television which is the inheritable trial of TV. Conclusion Darwin’s theory of evolution can apply on any living organisms. However, television also shows the five characters suggested in Darwin’s theory of evolution and it has a similar evolution process as a biological species. As all living species, television is still undergoing the evolution process and it will become closer to perfect as the evolution continues. References 1. MZTV Museum of Television, Exhibits: Pioneers [Internet] mztv. com/mz. asp Assessed: 20th October 2010 2. MZTV Museum of Television, Exhibits: Timeline [Internet] ztv. com/mz. asp Assessed: 20th October 2010 3. Television History-The First 75 Years, Timeline [Internet] [cited 9-April-2001] Available from: tvhistory. tv/timeline2. htm Assessed: 20th October 2010 4. Bellis M. ,â€Å" The invention of TV †[Internet] . 2010. Available from: http://inventors. about. com/od/tstartinventions/a/Television_Time_2. htm 5. Hall D. , Stooky Bill TV [Internet] 2008. Available from: http://vads. ahds. ac. uk/large. php? pic=du0008;cmd=advsearch;page=10;mode=boolean;words=fineart. ac. k;field=all;oper=or;idSearch=boolean;FA=1;vadscoll=fineart. ac. uk Assessed: 20th October 2010 6. Brain M. ,How Television Works   [Internet][cited 26 November 2006]   Available from: http://electronics. howstuffworks. com/tv3. htm# Assessed: 22th October 2010 7. Businesstimes  [Internet][cited 25th March 2010]  Available from: businesstimes. com. hk/a-20100325-62573/20100325014 Assessed: 22th October 2010 8. Television ; Health [Internet] 2007 Available from: csun. edu/~vceed002/health/docs/tv;health. html#tv_stats Assessed: 22th October 2010

Christmas and Winter Holiday Vocabulary 100 Word List

Christmas and Winter Holiday Vocabulary 100 Word List This comprehensive Christmas  and winter holiday vocabulary word list can be used in the classroom in so many ways. Use it to inspire word walls, word searches, puzzles, Hangman and Bingo games, crafts, worksheets, story starters, creative writing word banks, and a wide variety of elementary lesson plans in almost any subject. Be sure to customize the vocabulary you choose based on the policies of your school. Some public and private schools may only allow secular references to winter holidays, while some faith-based schools may prefer not to include secular or popular mythological references to Santa Claus, Frosty the Snowman, or other secular holiday  characters.   Types of Word List Activities Here are some ideas for using this vocabulary list in your classroom.   Word Walls: Build vocabulary by designating one wall or part of a wall to post large print words that all students can read from their desks.   Word Search Puzzles: You can create your own word search puzzles using one of several online puzzle generators. This allows you to customize them as appropriate for your class and school policies. For example, some schools may only allow secular references to the winter holidays. Sight Word Flash Cards: Make flash cards to improve vocabulary for early elementary students and for those with learning disabilities. Building holiday vocabulary will help them with seasonal reading. Holiday words may also be more fun for them to learn and spark interest. Hangman: This is an easy use  for  Christmas words and playing this game in the classroom can be a fun, interactive break between lessons. Poem  or Story Written Word Exercise: Have students draw three or more of the words to incorporate into a poem or story. You can assign these to be turned in or shared with the class. Poems may be rhyming or not  or in the form of a limerick or haiku. You can ask for a minimum word count for written story assignments. Impromptu Speech Exercise: Have students draw one to five words to incorporate into an impromptu speech to give to the class. You can have them draw words and immediately begin a speech, or give them a few minutes to prepare. Christmas and Winter Holiday 100 Word List AdventangelsannouncementbellsBethlehemBlitzencandlescandycandy canescardscedarcelebrateceremonieschimneyChristmas cookiesChristmas treecoldCometcranberry saucecrowdsCupidDancerDasherDecemberdecorationsdollsDonnerdressingeggnogelvesfamily reunionfestivalfirFrostyfruitcakegift boxesgiftsgoodwillgreetingshamhappyholidayhollyholyiciclesjollylightslistsmerrymiraclemistletoeNew YearNoelNorth Polepageantparadespartypiepineplum puddingpoinsettiaPrancerpresentspumpkin piepunchred/greenreindeerribbonRudolphsacredsalessauceScroogeseasonsledsleigh bellssnowflakesspiritSt. Nickstandstarstickersstocking stufferssweet potatotidingstinseltogethernesstoystraditiontraffictripsturkeyvacationVixenWinterworshipwrapping paperwreathyuleyuletide

Use of Motion Pictures in the Painful Deception Essay

Use of Motion Pictures in the Painful Deception - Essay Example A compelling example is Bus 174 done in 2002 by Jose Padilha and Felipe Lacerda. The documentary Bus 174 was prepared from television footages that were taken on live event of a hijacked bus. The documentary aimed at demonstrating the social, legal, and economic injustices experienced by the less fortunate in Brazil. This paper focuses on use of motion pictures in documentaries to depict reality using the documentary Painful Deception by Eric Hufschmid. A compelling documentary is made using a collection of facts about a certain event that is important to the society. A good example of such a documentary is Painful Deception. The United States government asserted that the destruction of Twin Towers, the Pentagon, Building 7, World Trade Centre and other surrounding buildings was a terrorist attack carried out using hijacked planes. However, the motion pictures displayed in Painful Deception documentary completely refute the explanations given by the U.S government. The documentary tries to explain the audience that the happenings of September 11 were a government plan, since the manner of collapse of the buildings completely disagrees with the laws of science as well as those of structural engineering. A Californian engineer called Eric Hufschmid prepared the documentary. He uses his expertise in engineering, laws of science, principles about structures, the views of those who witnessed the collapse and motion pictures to demonstrate the fictitiousness of the collapse. He exposes the controversies behind the occurrence which make a person watching the film realize that indeed, the whole attack was government instigated and not a terrorist attack as the government claimed. The documentary posits that the collapse was carried out using planned demolitions as opposed to what the United States government made the world believe. According to the documentary, all the buildings collapsed as if they were brought down through controlled demolition. The video includes several motion pictures showing the manner in which the buildings collapsed and compares it to that of images of buildings demolished using explosives. Eric disputes the claims that the impact of the planes initiated the collapse of the buildings. He argues that the intensity of the fire was not enough to melt down the heavy steel beams used in the construction of the Twin Towers and Building 7. He affirms that the only possibility was presence of explosives implanted within the building fitted with radio receivers, which could be controlled using a remote gadget. To exe mplify this, he uses motion pictures from actual controlled demolitions done using explosives. He says that the terrorist could not have been responsible of planting the explosives since the process requires time and the buildings were some of the most secure in the world. Another fact exposed was the move to insure the Building 7 just a month before the September 11 attack. The documentary claims that the owner claimed twice the amount of the insurance claiming that the building experienced two separate attacks. Another controversy the documentary tries to enlighten people on is the aircrafts used in the attack. Eric uses motion pictures to demonstrate that it was impossible that Flight 77 hit the Pentagon but instead suggests that a Global Hawk was used in the atta

Organisational Culture and Change Management Research Paper

Organisational Culture and Change Management - Research Paper Example The above changes are dealt in with a special focus on the impacts of the same on employees and intervention procedures enabled by the business managers. Organisational Culture and Change Management General Understanding Organisational culture is generally held to be a system of beliefs or values reflected by the employees, staffs, and managers related to a concern that in turn contributes in distinctively separating it from other concerns in the related or other industries. Seven parameters are studies that contribute to the development of such distinct organizational cultures in different organizations. Firstly the culture sets of an organization are dominated by the attribute of risk-taking or the parameter of creativity and innovation ingrained in the employees. Secondly, the behavioral attributes of the people pertaining to the study of an event in a precise or detailed fashion also amount to the development of organizational culture in the concern. Thirdly the cultural paramete rs of an organization are also developed depending on the management styles of whether to study the processes to achieve a desired set of outcomes or to be focused on observing the outcome only. Fourthly again the organizational culture also depends on the degree to which the management body of the concern endeavors to understand the effects of the outcome gained on the people or the human resources of the specific concern. Fifthly the development of the organizational culture also earns relation to the degree of patronage rendered in the cultivation of effective teams. Sixthly organizational culture is also ruled by the degree of aggressiveness or passiveness involved in the pursuit of organizational conducts. Finally in the seventh case organizational culture also earns relation to the fact in whether the concern focuses on stability or whether it focuses on gaining significant growth (Roodt, Odendaal and Robbins, 2009, p.424). The introduction and management of organizational cha nge in a specific cultural context are generally dealt into two essential types. The first type relates that change factor within organizations is a spontaneous or continuous process such that the managers need to focus on planning beforehand to help enable the effective implementation of the process thereby adopted. However, the first thought failed to hold good owing to the changing circumstances in the external organizational environment that in turn required the organization to rightly welcome an emerging technological transition or transformation. New changes in the technological environment of the concern stand as an emergent process in contrast to the pre-planned environment. Adaptation to emerging technological changes helps the organization to stand the test of times and render effective customer and market-driven services.

Breast Cancer Essay Example for Free

Breast Cancer Essay Is it true that wearing ‘underwired’ brassieres bring about cancer? Can breast cancer be treated? Are there signs and symptoms that individuals can check to know if breast cancer really occurs in them? These are just some of the essential questions that this paper will attempt to answer. It will also attain to reintroduce breast cancer’s definition, history of recovery, signs and causes, statistical information, diagnosis, breast cancer myths, risk factors, as well as, treatment. Definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A 34-year-old woman, named Susan has been told by the family doctor that she has a breast cancer. When she asked about it, the doctor initially explained it as â€Å"a type of cancer that forms in tissues of the breasts, typically in the ducts or the areas where milk goes through till it reaches the nipple, as well as, the lobules or the glands which produces milk† (National.. n.p.). History of Discovery The doctor also told Susan that the aforementioned disease has been observed in Egypt way back in approximately 1600 BC (Wikipedia n.p.). Back then he stated that, â€Å"tumors of the breasts were addressed or treated by cauterization through an instrument they technically refer to as the fire drill though they openly admitted that there is no cure for such† (Wikipedia n.p.). The doctor also added that, centuries later experts found â€Å"a relationship between the lymph nodes found in the armpits and cancer of the breast, in fact, Jean Louis Petit and Benjamin Bell were the first ones to get rid of the lymph nodes, breast tissue, as well as, a primary muscle in the chest† (Wikipedia n.p.). The doctor, to make Susan stay calm, mentioned that such surgery has been very successful thus it was also done by William Halsted during the next century or 1882 to be exact, in fact, until the 1970’s, this procedure remained to be the most successful surgical procedure to address the aforementioned condition (Wikipedia n.p.). Signs and Symptoms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since Susan was complaining about the physical changes in her body that she observed prior to be being diagnosed as having breast cancer, the doctor also told her that the signs and symptoms of breast cancer include the following: First of all, if there is a lump in the breast then there is a possibility that a person has breast cancer (Mayo.. n.p.). Second, there is also a probability that breast cancer may occur if the nipple/s of an individual discharges blood and has a lump that goes along with it (Mayo.. n.p.). Third, there may be an occurrence of breast cancer if there exist a â€Å"retraction, flattening, or indentation of the nipple† (Mayo.. n.p.). Fourth, if the size of the breast and its contours changes, then it is possible that breast cancer is in existence (Mayo.. n.p.). Last but not least, redness of the skin on the breast area may signify breast cancer as well (Mayo.. n.p.). Upon hearing the aforementioned, Susan remembers that she mainly complained about sign symptoms number one in the right breast, something she has been complaining about for about 16 months. Statistical Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Susan has been feeling weird and a little scared and so she decided to look into medical and health magazines, internet sites, as well as, books to check if she is going to make it or not, if she’s going to die etcetera and here’s a statistical information that she stumbled upon: 1) â€Å"Deaths brought about by breast cancer already reached forty thousand four hundred sixty (40,460) for females and four hundred fifty for the males (450)† (National.. n.p.); 2) â€Å"Unfortunately, there are new cases reported as well, there are one hundred seventy eight thousand four hundred eighty (178, 480) females and two thousand and thirty (2,030) males now who currently have breast cancer† (National.. n.p.). And the aforementioned is in the United States only (National.. n.p.); 3) â€Å"In the United Kingdom, on the other hand, twelve thousand four hundred (12,400) individuals or more die each year because of breast cancer† (National.. n.p.). In fact, in 2003 alone, there were forty three thousand and seven hundred fifty six women and there were three hundred thirty five (335) men who were diagnosed and reported to have breast cancer (National.. n.p.). Diagnosis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During that time, Susan was also in denial that is why she researched on her own. She found out that: Breast cancer may be diagnosed through the following: 1) breast self-examination; 2) clinical breast exam; 3) mammogram including screening mammograms, diagnostic mammograms; 4) computer-aided detection; 5) digital mammography; 6) magnetic resonance imaging; 7) â€Å"ultrasonography†; 8) ductal lavage; 9) molecular breast imaging; 10) diagnostic procedures like ultrasound; 11) biopsy including fine-needle aspiration biopsy, core-needle biopsy, stereotactic biopsy, wire localization, surgical biopsy; 12) estrogen and progesterone receptor tests; 13) staging tests; and 14) genetic tests (Mayo.. n.p.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During this time, she was already prepared to believe that she really does not have breast cancer because she had a mammogram performed in March 1989 and again in February 1999, wherein, the results both showed that it is normal. Although, she had to try to accept it or at least entertain that it might be true when an ultrasound was also carried out where it was detected that a fibrocystic lump exists and that it was benign. Breast Cancer Myths After the detection of the fibrocystic lump, Susan began to reflect on her way of life, what could have caused the lump to exist inside of her body†¦she actually thought that it may be because of her use of deodorants, ‘underwired’ brassieres, stress from work, as well as, injury to the breasts which she got from playing basketball when she was in college and still a part of a varsity team. It is not very surprising that Susan thought of those as the primary reasons for the lump since there are so many myths that are related to breast cancer and some of the most popular ones are the following: First of all, some individuals claim that deodorants bring about breast cancer, however, currently, no studies have been carried out yet that may confirm or deny such belief of some people (Breast.. n.p.).   Second, some people think that wearing ‘underwired’ brassieres bring about cancer (Breast.. n.p.). Just like the first myth though, no evidence have been found to conclude such a statement (Breast.. n.p.). Third, there are individuals who think that stress can bring about breast cancer, however, research studies have not yet been able to establish an extremely clear link to conclude that such is really possible (Breast.. n.p.). Fourth, there are people who claim that â€Å"living near electricity pylons cause breast cancer† but no evidences have been presented ever since that breast cancer may be associated to electricity pylons (Breast.. n.p.).    Fifth, some individuals say that an injury to the breast augments the probability that breast cancer may occur (Breast.. n.p.). However, no evidences have been presented to back up such claim (Breast.. n.p.). Sixth, people claim that females who are young are more likely to be detected with breast cancer (Breast.. n.p.). Well, statistical information denies this, in fact, eighty percent of all the cases in the UK occur in females who are already fifty years old and above (Breast.. n.p.). Seventh, there are individuals who believe that if a person feels pain or discomfort in his or her breasts, then it is already safe to say that an individual is suffering from breast cancer (Breast.. n.p.). However, experts explain that there are so many reasons why breasts may be painful, for instance, this may be related to the menstrual cycle (Breast.. n.p.). Eighth, some people say that getting pregnant increases the probability of suffering from breast cancer later (Breast.. n.p.). On the contrary, experts have found evidence linking early pregnancy to breast cancer risk being reduced (Breast.. n.p.). They also reiterated that the more babies a woman gives birth to then the lower the risk of getting such cancer (Breast.. n.p.). In light of the detection of the lump, instead of getting more focused with the myths, Susan should have gotten a second opinion. If in case she did that, and the biopsy results will show that an â€Å"infiltrating lobular carcinoma† already exists and that it is already in stage IIa then a more extensive treatment would be provided to her. Risk Factors   Ã‚   The aforementioned are really just myths, they were never provided with evidences to establish that those are really linked with breast cancer. Susan was told by her doctor that the main risk factors for breast cancer, actually, include the following: 1) age; 2) age of menarche; 3) age at birth of first-born child; 4) biopsies of the breast; 5) family history; 6) occupation; 7) race; 8) hormone replacement therapy, as well as, 9) alcohol (Hales 105). Susan is only thirty four years old, never had any children, used to engage herself in binge drinking during college, and an aunt of hers had breast cancer years ago. As we can see, most of the risk factors are present in Susan’s case. Treatment            According to the experts Susan spoke to, â€Å"Breast cancer may be annihilated and for that to occur: 1) either lumpectomy or mastectomy should be carried out; 2) radiation may also be helpful; 3) drugs like taxol, taxotere, and herceptin may be taken; 4) chemotherapy; as well as, 5) hormonal therapy may be undergone by the patient† (Hales 105). Because her treatment options have been clearly explained to her, she decided to have a â€Å"right modified radical mastectomy† following a reconstruction immediately (Hales 105). During the surgery â€Å"eight lymph nodes were annihilated and the biopsy gave out a negative result† (Hales 105). After which Susan underwent chemotherapy as part of her post-surgical treatment which made her experience side effects including loss of hair and anorexia (Hales 105). Last but not least, she was also made to take in drugs named Cytoxan and prednisone (Hales 105). References       Breast Cancer Care. Statistics and Facts About Breast Cancer. 2004. Cancer Research, UK. 15 June 2007 http://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/content.php?page_id=1730 Hales, D. An Invitation to Health, Eleventh Edition. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Breast Cancer.   29 December 2006. n.a.. 15 June 2007.    http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer/DS00328/DSECTION=2 National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer. n.d. n.a. 15 June 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast Wikipedia. Breast Cancer. 14 June 2007. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 15 June 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#History

Document Quality :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Document Quality Measuring the rate of reaction, when dilute sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid are mixed. Hypothesis: I predict that the higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate, the faster the rate of reaction. Aim: In this experiment I intend to test the collision theory. My aim is to see if the concentration of sodium thiosulphate will affect the rate of reaction. Introduction: In this experiment I will vary the concentration of sodium thiosulphate to measure the rates of reaction. I will be mixing different concentrations of sodium thiosulphate with hydrochloric acid, the collision theory says the reaction time will alter; this is what I will be testing. The collision theory tells us that the larger the surface area, the faster the reaction. So the higher the concentration the more atoms there are to react. There are 4 things that affect the rate of reaction, concentration, surface area, catalysts and temperature. Concentration can affect the rate of reaction by increasing atoms to collide with each other. The more atoms there are to collide, the faster the rate of reaction. In reactions where gases are involved, if you increase the pressure the particles will move closer together. The smaller the space in the container, collisions are more likely to occur. If the concentration is weaker, this means there are fewer atoms to collide. If an object has a large surface area, the reaction rate will increase as there is more surface area for the atoms to collide. I hypothesis that the more surface area there is the more space there is for the particles to react. Catalysts change the rate of chemical reactions but are not used up in the reaction. Examples of catalysts are enzymes, clay, and hydrogen peroxide. These all speed up certain chemical reactions. Enzymes are found in the human body, they are there to break down food and make digestion time shorter. Enzymes can also be found in washing powder, to break down food stains on clothes. Temperature can affect the rate of reaction to a great extent because particles vibrate more at higher temperatures. The more they vibrate the more chance there is that they will collide with another particle, thus causing the rate of reaction to increase. In a chemical reaction, the reactants collide with each other. Pressure This diagram shows us that the more pressure there is the more likely it is that the particles will collide. High pressure Low pressure More collisions as the particles are closer together Not many collisions Marble in dilute hydrochloric acid This diagram shows us that surface area does have an effect on the rate of reaction. 1 Large marble cube Marble cube split into 6 pieces In the experiment I carry out, I will change the concentration and see

Coursework on multicultural management

Cross cultural training as one of the greatest managerial challenges of globalization is the heart of human resources management in the public sector. The author’s main advocacy is that of encouraging the public leaders to â€Å"assume the responsibility for creating new models of management systems† (Hill, Charles 2004). As an effective answer to the challenges of globalization, the author believes that the world is in need of training and educating globally competitive Human Resources professionals and that the government must do its part by financially supporting such immediate needs. It is the global competition that gave way to the increasing cultural diversity in companies and in the public sector. The focus of modern and globally competitive management strategy should then focus on its culturally diversified human resources.In this article, the author raised several vital questions in relation to human resources management in the global and multicultural environm ent. First the author asked how executives can develop a multicultural management group. Secondly the author wanted to explore the role of human resources in the management of negotiations and international collaboration. Lastly, the author dug on the ways of developing cross-cultural competencies.According to the author, a globally competitive agency must seriously consider the concept of trans-nationalism by creating and maintaining â€Å"multifaceted organizational cultures† (Bartlet and Ghoshal 1992 cited in Hill 2004). Global leaders are required to cope with cultural relativity and part of that step is to carry out cultural awareness training (Bochner, 1992 cited in Hill 2004). That awareness training must include an understanding of the country’s national culture and how its people think. A management specialist asserts that â€Å"Cultural differences significantly influence management approaches and the performance of employees within organizations† (Hof stede, 1989).A globally competitive leader must first learn the techniques of global negotiations which requires an awareness and understanding of the multicultural facets of the negotiation process. This skill however according to the author needs to be learned and practiced overtime. In the case of a globally competitive public manager, one has to develop the essential characteristics of a global leader. These characteristics according to Hill involve a global mindset, global leadership skills, and ability to lead cross-cultural teams, energy and talent to participate in global networking, and skills as a global change agent.In the context of public administration in education, the author recommends that a global leader must incorporate faculty development and exchange and team building for its members. A globally competitive public administration should also develop and maintain cultural exposure and a public-centered, multi-lingual work environment in addition to textbook and ca se study development.The concept of the globalization of human resources management is a vital aspect of any organization that must be placed immediate attention. Since globalization require the interaction of organizations in the international arena, it is important that its leaders and members should be able to develop cultural sensitivity. Global competition opens opportunity for people of different cultures to come together to negotiate, build business relationships and maintain a culturally diversified working environment. Human resources management therefore plays vital role in securing that each organization is recruiting and training globally competitive and culturally sensitive leaders.ARTICLE II. Multinational enterprises, employment relations and ethicsApart from cultural sensitivity, globalization also poses challenges to employment relations and ethical perspectives of globally competitive organizations. This article specifically addresses the issues concerning business ethics like child labor, work environment safety and work pay rates. Ethics, although seen in different perspectives and in some relations with values, is a concept that is still considered a relative term in the business arena. In this article ethics has been discussed in comparison and in contrast with the concept of law.The author questions how can business leader gauge if business rules, practices and values can considered ethical? The author also explored the concept of universal approval as a benchmark in drafting an organization’s statement of values and ethical standards. Because values are relative, the acceptability of practices depends on the existing cultural norms in a certain society. â€Å"Values are always matters of taste or whim, and cannot be proved to be true, or valid for all time in all places, their nature and consequences can be identified† (Donaldson, John 2001). On this ground, ethical standards are always debatable.Still human resources are the main concern of this article since all organizations are composed and run by people. Globally competitive enterprises must therefore focus on critical analysis of the values and ethical standards they attempt to implement especially with the presence of cultural diversity. The author in this regard assessed that judgment of business ethics cannot be based upon legal structures rather on the culturally acceptable standards of the country on which an enterprise operates.In the author’s view, ethical standards of each enterprise must look into some principles of employment conditions that would generally be considered acceptable for at the European community. First, an ethical work environment must give its members the freedom to move around the working community, provide equal opportunities for men and women, training and a high standard of health and safety protection at work. The author’s main point is that ethical standards of different work environments, especial ly that relates to cultural diversity, differ on situations and not on principles upon which such ethical standards are based upon. The bottom line of the author’s argument is that business codes of ethics do not suffice for an organization to become successful in its operation but still they are held important as they serve to inform its members of the values that the company is expected of them.At the least business ethics are vital elements of the organization’s operations in matters of decision-making and of forecasting and shaping its future. â€Å"The key to managerial ethics is the development of individuals so that, ideally, they will possess the moral attributes required for the apprehension, appreciation and handling of ethical issues and dilemmas† (Donaldson, 2001). Business ethics should not therefore serve as borderline for each member rather it must be drafted in a way that independent moral judgment of each member can still be practiced. The autho r’s question is that apart from the existing organizational ethical standards, what more should each globally-operating enterprise should need?Apart from addressing the issues of working environment safety, child labor and gender sensitivity, global organizations must balanced such principles with the value of strong self-belief. What the author therefore recommends is adapt economic and business pluralism. A personal opinion on this matter would lead to a conclusion that respect for each person’s identity and preferences should always be an important consideration. Although it has been established as some form of business rule that a company must operate according to the existing laws in the country where it operates, cultural diversity poses a great challenge for each organization to balance cultural norms, ethical standards and laws with human respect especially those who are operating with people of different colors.ARTICLE III. Diversity Management and Cultural Co mpetenceDreachslin is concerned about the importance of cultural diversity awareness and recognition of managers in a globally competitive organization. An awareness of one’s group identities according to the author â€Å"helps shape our world view and influence our cultural style, including what we value, how we behave, and what we believe† (Dreachslin, Janice 2007,p.79). It is one’s awareness of a cultural identity and preferences that help him define his way of interacting with such culture in reference to human respect. The author also finds the issue important because of the presence of human biases and preferences that create possible disagreements and thus conflicts in an organization which caters to the needs of people from different cultures and beliefs.Because globally operating organizations necessitates the employment of culturally diversified people, it is not surprising that disparities in the workforce arise evidently. This trend had been viewed b y two opposing advocates. On one side, some believe that cultural competence is as important as celebrating our differences. On the other hand, some believe that placing importance of such issue would only contribute to cultural conflicts. The question raised in the middle of the author’s discussion is on what is the better approach to diversity management- homogenization or customization?On the basis of healthcare industry, the two approaches were compared. In the author’s perspective, â€Å"homogenization is necessary to build common ground and unity of purpose in the context of diversity, without which strong performance is not possible† (ibid.). It is stressed in the article that identities, being an inevitable part of cultural diversity, maybe chosen individually and socially. In that sense, one’s actions towards his relationship or interaction with people of the same culture or that of the other culture are seriously affected because expectations or at least impressions are created from the start. Such impressions or expectations therefore define our ways of communicating with others. Homogenization tells us that a common ground can possibly be created on which both parties can meet or agree with.The other side of the coin, the concept of customization, necessitates the satisfaction of one’s need to express his uniqueness by expressing the values and characteristics we share with those of the same affiliations. Customization therefore advocates and encourages the display of individual cultural differences not for cultural identification but for the sake of human need and satisfaction. Both concepts have their own benefits and costs like all other concepts and ideas but management specialists like Donaldson recommend the employment of both but stressed that this be done in balance. Communication has been highly regarded as a vital tool in managing one’s own leadership style.In reducing cultural conflicts, leaders are required to utilize the communication tool efficiently and effectively. Donaldson suggests that leaders must ask themselves if their communication styles are required by their jobs or their styles were purely their personal preference. The answer would definitely go for the former proposition. Experts suggest that serious attention must be put on managing diversity in order to have a positive impact on employee performance. It is to be stressed that diversity in this context encompasses gender disparities or gender gaps. Kochan stressed that â€Å"diversity is both a labor-market imperative and social expectation/ value† (Kochan, et al. 2003, p.18).In the practice of managing diversity, it is important that leaders must not focus on pointing out cultural and gender differences. Globally competitive leaders are rather required to employ balanced management styles through efficient communication strategies. These can be his powerful tool in building an organizational cultur e and human resources practices that would generally be practical and applicable to its culturally diversified people. Despite the presence of obvious cultural and gender differences, global leaders must be able to develop the skills of training its employees to professionally practice respect by simply treating its people based on what is just and rightful and without prejudice to any party involved.REFERENCESC. A. Barlett, and S. Ghoshal (1992). What is a Global Manager? Harvard Business Review 70 (1992): 124-132.John Donaldson (2001). Multinational enterprises, employment relations and ethics. Employee Relations. Bradford: 2001. Vol. 23, Iss. 6; pg. 627, 16 pgsJanice L Dreachslin (2007). Diversity Management and Cultural Competence: Research, Practice, and the Business Case.Journal of Healthcare Management. Chicago: Mar/Apr 2007. Vol. 52, Iss. 2; pg. 79Geert Hofstede (1980). Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values (Beverley Hills, CA: Sage, 1980, 1 984).Pan Suk Kim (1999). Globalization of human resource management: A cross-cultural perspective for the public sector. Public Personnel Management. Washington: Summer 1999. Vol. 28, Iss. 2; pg. 227Michael Porter (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations (London: Macmillan, 1990). 2 Oded Shenkar

Corregidor Island Essay

The Philippines officially known as the Republic of the Philippines is a country in the Southeast Asia. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila. The country is known for its very rich culture, history, scenic spots and most especially by being hospitable due to warmth acceptance given to the guest. One of the places that are mostly visit by the tourists is the Corregidor Island and probably the most historical place in the country. Corregidor is a small rocky island in the Philippines about 48 kilometers west of Manila which is strategically located at the entrance of Manila Bay and is a part of the municipality of Cavite City. This island fortress stands as a memorial for the courage, valor, and heroism of its Filipino and American defenders who bravely held their ground against the overwhelming number of invading Japanese forces during World War II. It is also the headquarte Also known as â€Å"the Rock,† it was a key bastion of the Allies during the war. When the Japanese invaded the Philippines in December 1941, the military force under the command of Gen. Douglas MacArthur carried out a delaying action at Bataan. Corregidor became the headquarters of the Allied forces and also the seat of the Philippine Commonwealth government. It was from Corregidor that Philippine President Manuel Quezon and General MacArthur left for Australia in February 1942, leaving behind Lt. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright in command. Although Bataan fell on April 9, 1942, the Philippine and American forces held out at Corregidor for 27 days against great odds. On May 6, 1942, their rations depleted, the Allied forces were forced to surrender Corregidor to Lt. Gen. Homma Masaharu of the Japanese Imperial Army after having successfully halted the Japanese advance on Australia. It was only two years and ten months later in March 1945 when the Allied forces under the command of General MacArthur recaptured Corregidor. The big guns of Corregidor are now silent and the ruins of buildings, structures, and tunnels in the island tell a very moving story of a war that has claimed so many lives. A visit to this former battleground is a memorable experience especially for those who cherish and value peace and freedom. In his speech delivered at the signing of the surrender of Japan aboard the U.  S. S. Missouri at Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur said, â€Å"It is my earnest hope and indeed the hope of all mankind that a better world shall emerge out of the blood and carnage of the past – a world founded upon faith and understanding, a world dedicated to the dignity of man and the fulfillment of his most cherished wish for freedom, tolerance and justice. † This study is carefully done by giving enough time, focus, dedication and hard work by the researchers in order to give justice to the desired topic that will help improved the level of service in the tourism industry of our dear country.

Polito 1 Chris Polito Paola Brown Eng102 25 March Essays - Family

Polito 1 Chris Polito Paola Brown Eng102 25 March Essays - Family Polito 1 Chris Polito Paola Brown Eng102 25 March 2008 Single Parent Struggle For many years, children growing up in a single parent family have been viewed as different. Being raised by only one parent seems impossible to many yet over the decades it has become more prevalent. In today's society many children have grown up to become emotionally stable and successful whether they had one or two parents to show them the rocky path that life bestows upon all human beings. The problem lies in the difference of children raised by single parents versus children raised by both a mother and a father. Does a child need both parents? Does a young boy need a father figure around? Does the government provide help for single parents? What role do step-parents and step-siblings play? With much speculation, this topic has become a very intriguing argument. What people must understand is that properly raising a child does not rely on the structure of a family but should be more focused on the proce ss or values that are taught to these children as they learn to mature. Children of single parents can be just as progressive with emotional, social and behavioral skills as those with two parents. People claim that the only way for children to gain full emotional and behavioral skills is to be raised by both a mother and a father. When a topic such as this one has a broad amount of variables it is impossible to simply link these problems to only having one parent. In the article, "Single-parent families cause juvenile crime", author Robert L. Maginnis states, "Children from single-parent families are more likely to have behavior Polito 2 problems because they tend to lack economic security and adequate time with parents". The simple statement that raw criminals are products of single-parent adolescence is absurd. What this writer must understand is that it can be extremely difficult for one parent to raise a child by themselves for many reasons. A single-parent must work full time to be able to afford to provide for themselves and their child. They must also be able to still have time to offer an exuberant amount of emotional time for the well being of their child. However, even though this may seem impossible, it can be done. As this subject continues to be looked down on people must realize that single parents are becoming more common in today's world. Since 1995 the American family structure for children ages fourteen to eighteen consists of forty-two percent living in a first marriage family with both parents, twenty-two percent living in a second marriage step-family, twenty-one percent living in a single parent, divorced or separated family, six percent living in a single parent never married family and three percent living in a single parent widowed family. This is an extremely scary statistic considering that fiftyeight percent of children in America are living in a single parent family. This is a chilling percentage because it shows how little faith is put into a relationship before actually deciding to have children. Unfortunately not all single-parents take the time to perform the vital tasks needed to raise their children. Parents who think they would never be able to provide emotional stability for their children by themselves should have taken the time to think this through before deciding to become parents. Accidents may happen once in awhile but in most cases adults know what is at stake when planning to have a child. Plain and simple, if you're not ready, than don't do it. If you do decide to have this child Polito 3 and you love this child, then you can be a good parent. There are many ways to enhance the well being of your child if you simply apply yourselves as parents. Magginnis later states that, "Boys who do not have fathers as male role models suffer especially". While it is extremely important for a male child to have his father around, there are other ways of teaching a young boy the lessons he needs to become a man. I know from personal experience that what the author of this article is trying to convey is wrong.

Re-Sitting an Exam Can Be Easier with Our Tips

Re-Sitting an Exam Can Be Easier with Our Tips 7 Essential Guidelines For Repeating Your Exams Inimitable difficulties can arise as a result of having to repeat an examination, although, with thorough preparation, the experience can be less traumatic. Tactful approach as in any other field of academic excellence is of the essence. The ability to comprehend the exam setting process is useful. Deliberately or not, examiners tend to level up answers to the questions asked to ensure that the performance curve is proportional. Theoretically, a test should be adequately standard such that not everyone performs extremely poorly or with flying colors. Similarly, essay questions follow the same regulation to warrant a general performance from by sitting for the examination. Repeating an examination can be instigated by many factors, for instance, private reasons (bad situation at home leading to stress, financial constraints and more) or performing poorly at the first attempt. Of importance, however, is determining the exact time that has elapsed since you first sat for the exam and time scheduled for the repeat. Below are 7 essential guidelines that will assist you as you plan for the re-sit. 1. Never presuppose the same questions will be repeated In many instances, examiners know better than to repeat the same questions they had set in the first exam, and as such, you should never presume that the same questions will be tested to avoid failing. Not having sat for the exam is not a good enough reason to suppose the examiner will test you on the same areas. Like you, the examiner will presume that you know someone who sat for the exam and will let you in on the questions this will be cheating. The examiner is to be expected to set different quizzes although testing the same concept from the same material. 2. Never presuppose the questions wont be repeated It is wise to keep in mind that despite the possibility of the questions not being the same, reviewing past papers and taking notes from a friend who did the previous exam is just as important. The information you can get can boost your performance substantially as it will point out the areas most likely to be tested by the examiner. At no point, however, should you naively rely on your friends recollection of the questions and possible answers because it is possible their reminiscence is not 100% accurate, you should follow up the information with revision and research. 3. Understand the layout Tests come in different formats; multiple choice, essay, short answers or fill in the black and it is imperative that you clearly understand the layout of the exam you are repeating. In the occasion you need clarification, do not hesitate to ask the examiner as they will shed some light on your query. Further questions might raise an eyebrow, and it is up to you to figure it out. 4. Develop a mock exam for yourself This technique has been tested and proven to be effective not just for repeating an examination, but when preparing for any other test. The best way to go about this would be, assume you are the harshest teacher around and with this mentality, set the hardest and grueling questions and later attempt answering them. The mock test will be a perfect opportunity for you to identify the areas you lack adequate understanding and where you do hence, taking the necessary corrective steps. 5. Review past papers Many institutions usually provide students with various past papers from previous classes through the library, lecturers and so forth. In the case where there are no past papers, do not shy away from requesting some from your course professor or lecturer. Take advantage of these papers being as they have two main benefits; revising them will give you a vivid overview of the areas most examiners like to test and secondly, instructors use past papers to get inspirations on what to assess. Does it get better than this? 6. Outsource past papers It is wise to go through as many past papers as you possibly can only challenge being, the school might not have enough papers. The internet is an excellent place where you can outsource past papers on any topic or subject. Also, you can get sample papers, essays or short answers from other students in different institutions from across the world. Comparing and contrasting the views of other students to yours will help you make an informed decision especially for argumentative papers. For instance, you have a debate in your English class on the American civil war, reading about the war and the arguments of other students will assist you to take a stand. There are online writing service companies with proficient writers who you can consult and have them write you close to perfect answers upon providing them with specific instructions. 7. Make early preparations In most cases, the lecturer will inform you if you have a failed exam that you need to re-sit, fully prepped when it will be and given ample time to revise. Regardless of the strategy, you decide to use, make it a necessity to prepare in advance. The process of preparation is not a walk in the park as a lot of work and effort goes into it, and as such, our advice is to start planning immediately.

Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Business Economics - Essay Example The insurance company works this ways: â€Å"The insurance company collects premiums from policy holders, invests the money (usually in low risk investments), and then reimburses this money once the person passes away or the policy matures† (Investopedia ULC). â€Å"In the U.S., the  Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 legislated that banks, brokerages, insurance firms and other types of financial institutions can join together to offer their customers a more complete range of services† and this has lead to a lot of mergers and acquisition† (Investopedia ULC). The Life Insurance Business of Prudential operates under the umbrella organization Prudential Financial Inc which is listed under the New York Stock Exchange. Prudential Financial Inc started with the life insurance and asset management business with a clientele of approximately 50 million individuals (Prudential Financial Inc, 2009). Its insurance business covers life insurance, annuities, long-term care insurance and Auto, Home, RV, Watercraft and Personal Liability Insurance. Prudential life insurance creates value through offering wide range of insurance that fits each individual. The delivery of insurance is designed to fit the specific need of the person. Examples of these are the varieties of life insurance of Prudential Life such as for wealth preservation and long-term death benefit. The company has its office in New Jersey and other states all-over the country. There are several factors that can affect the demand. Normally, textbooks would mention prices, income, taste, number of buyers, prices of related goods (whether substitute or complement) and expectations (whether on future prices or future income) (Mankiw, 1998). In this paper, we are going to discuss at least four – prices, income, number of buyers and expected future prices. Price change is the